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经济学人:合理的怀疑:只见部分,不辩总体(2)

Finance and Economics

财经

Free exchange: Reasonable doubt

自由交流：合理的怀疑

Making enrolment in pension plans the default for new employees (ie, they must decide to opt out rather than opt in) dramatically increases the share of employees saving through such programmes, for example.

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例如，把加入养老金计划列为新员工的默认选项（即，他必须选择退出而不是加入）极大地提高了通过此类计划进行储蓄的员工的比例。

Mr Thaler, with Mr Kahneman and Jack Knetsch, also worked to understand the role of fairness in judging economic outcomes.They conducted experiments in which a student chosen at ran dom was asked to divide $20 between himself and another subject.Only rarely would the student keep most of the money, as pure rationality suggests he should.

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赛勒还与卡尼曼和杰克·克内齐对理解公平在判定经济结果中的作用进行了研究。他们进行了一系列随机挑选的一位学生被要求在他自己与另一个对象之间平分20美元的实验。只有在极少数的情况下，这位学生才会像纯理性所说的那样，留下大部分钱。

Similarly, the authors used surveys to show that people find practices like price gouging in the wake of disasters unfair.In some multi-round experiments players chose to punish participants who acted selfishly in early rounds, even if that meant accepting a lower payout themselves.These insights—that people care about fairness, find self-control hard and hate losing what they already have—may seem trivial outside the strange world of economics.

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同样地，作者使用了各种调查来说明，人们认为灾难后哄抬价格这类行为是不公平的。在一些多轮次的实验中，参与者选择去惩罚在前面轮次中表现自私的同伴，纵然这意味着他们自己要更低的。在陌生的经济学世界之外，这些深刻见解——人们关注公平、发现很难自律、讨厌失去已经拥有的东西——可能看起来微不足道。

In fact, the greatest contribution of behavioural economics may have been to nudge the field away from attempts to extrapolate grand theories from basic rules of individual behaviour.Today ambitious economists are quite likely to immerse themselves in empirical work focused on specific policy questions.That is a legacy worth treasuring, however you do the mental accounting.

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实际上，行为经济学的最大贡献可能就是推动这一学科脱离从个人行为的基本规律中推导出宏大理论的尝试。如今，有抱负的经济学家很有可能埋首于聚焦各种特殊政策问题的实证性研究之中。这是一项值得珍惜的遗产，不管你如何进行心理盘算。

注释

1.opt out 决定退出

例句:He didn't exactly opt out because he never opted in.

确切地说他并没有退出，因为他压根儿就没有参加。

2.In fact 事实上

例句:In fact, those people have been promoted.

事实上，那些人已经升职了。

3.economic outcomes 经济结果

例句:Events and national and political decisions, not international communiques, shape economic outcomes.

决定经济结果的是重大事件、国家及政治决策，而非国际社会。

4.pension plans 养老计划

例句:Experts say many current pension plans do not have enough money to provide the benefits promised to workers.

许多专家认为目前退休金计划没有提供足够的资金，以保证向职工许诺的利益。

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